Finance Minister

A finance minister is an executive or cabinet position in charge of one or more of government finances, economic policy and financial regulation. It may also be a junior minister in the finance department, the British Treasury, for example has four junior ministers.

ঐ মিয়া অপরে কি আপনার???? ভিডিও দেখতে নিচে যান মিয়া.....

A finance minister's portfolio has a large variety of names across the world, such as "treasury", "finance", "financial affairs", "economy" or "economic affairs". The position of the finance minister might be named for this portfolio, but it may also have some other name, like "Treasurer" or, in the United Kingdom, "Chancellor of the Exchequer".

The duties of a finance minister differ between countries. Typically, they encompass one or more of government finance, fiscal policy, and financial regulation, but there are significant differences between countries:

in some countries the finance minister might also have oversight of monetary policy (while in other countries that is the responsibility of an independent central bank);
in some countries the finance minister might be assisted by one or more other ministers (some supported by a separate government department) with respect to fiscal policy or budget formation;
in many countries there is a separate portfolio for general economic policy in the form of a ministry of "economic affairs" or "national economy" or "commerce";
in many countries financial regulation is handled by a separate agency, which might be overseen by the finance ministry or some other government body.
Finance ministers are also often found in governments of federated states or provinces of a federal country. In these cases their powers may be substantially limited by superior legislative or fiscal policy, notably the control of taxation, spending, currency, inter-bank interest rates and the money supply.

The powers of a finance minister vary between governments. Sometimes the finance minister is the most powerful cabinet post, as in Canada or New Zealand.[1] In the United Kingdom and Australia, the finance minister (called the "Chancellor of the Exchequer" and the "Treasurer" respectively) is in practice the most important cabinet post after the Prime Minister.

In the United States, the finance minister is called the "Secretary of the Treasury", though there is a separate and subordinate Treasurer of the United States, and it is the director of the Office of Management and Budget who drafts the budget.

In the United Kingdom, the equivalent of the finance minister is the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Due to a quirk of history, the Chancellor of the Exchequer is also styled Second Lord of the Treasury with the Prime Minister also holding the historic position of First Lord of the Treasury. This signals the Prime Minister's seniority and superior responsibility over the Treasury.

In Hong Kong the finance minister is called the Financial Secretary, though there is a Secretary for the Treasury subordinate to him.

In Australia, the senior minister is the Treasurer, although there is a Minister for Finance who is more junior and heads a separate portfolio of Finance and Deregulation.

Finance ministers can be unpopular if they must raise taxes or cut spending. Finance ministers whose key decisions had directly benefited both the performance and perception of their country’s economic and financial achievements are recognised by the annual Euromoney Finance Minister of the Year award.

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Do I qualify?

• Within age to contract legally, must be 18 years or older
• You must possess a clear credit record
• The finance must be used to build or alter a residential property
• The building loan is only available to Individual or joint income must be a minimum of R25000, and the property purchase price must be a minimum of R600 000

• Individual or joint income must be a minimum of R25000, and the property purchase price must be a minimum of R600 000
• The builder, contractor or subcontractor must be registered with the NHBRC (National Home Builders Registration Council) for all new dwellings.

• An upfront deposit portion will be required by the bank from the customer to make up the deficit/ shortfall. This will be the difference between the cost of the project and the amount granted by the bank. A minimum deposit of 10% of the total package price (land + contract amount) is required in all instances. The deposit will be based on the lower of the total package price, or FNB's assessed market value on completion.

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I once working

I once worked in a Merchandising department for a large retailer, but what I really wanted was a promotion to the Buying Office. So I watched and waited, literally years, for an opportunity to come up in the Buying Office. Eventually a position for a trainee Buyer was advertised and I, along with many others, applied for it.

I got the position, and the head of the Buying Office said to me “Why didn’t you say you were interested in working with us? We wanted you in our department but you never expressed an interest. I don’t like to poach staff from other departments, but if I had known you were interested I would have made a place for you”.

I’m not saying you can wander about demanding any job you want, but it is worth having a quiet word sometimes and making your preferences known. At the very least you may get some useful advice and information. At best you may get a mentor who will help you achieve your ambitions.

       

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So make it known that you are ambitious, you are capable, and you are willing to work hard. You are seeking promotion and you are willing to move to another area if there is a promotion available.

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Debt Issue

A fixed corporate or government obligation, such as a bond or debenture. A debt issue is a financial obligation that allows the issuer to raise funds by promising to repay the lender at a certain point in the future and in accordance with the terms of the contract.

 Debt issues include notes, bonds, certificates, mortgages, leases or other agreements between the issuer (the borrower) and lender. Debt issues, such as bonds, are issued by corporations to raise money for certain projects or to expand into new markets; municipalities, states and U.S. and foreign governments issue debt to finance a variety of projects such as social programs or infrastructure plans.

Corporations and municipal, state and federal governments offer debt issues as a means of raising needed funds. In exchange for the "loan," the issuer must make payments to the investors (the lender) in the form of interest payments. The interest rate is often called the "coupon," and interest payments are paid using a predetermined schedule and rate. 

When the debt issue matures, the issuer repays the face value to the investors. Short-term bills typically have maturities between one and five years; medium term notes mature between six and twelve years; and long term bonds generally have maturities longer than 12 years. Certain large corporations, such as Coca-Cola and Walt Disney, have issued bonds with maturities as long as 100 years.

Corporate debt issues are commonly issued through the underwriting process in which one or more securities firms or banks purchase the issue in its entirety from the issuer and subsequently resell the issue to interested investors. The underwriters impose a fee on the issuer.

The process for government debt issues is different since these are typically issued in an auction format. In the United States, for example, investors can purchase bonds directly from the government through its dedicated website. A broker is not needed, and all transactions, including interest payments, are handled electronically.

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There are several different types of syndicates, including underwriting syndicates, banking syndicates and insurance syndicates. A professional financial services group formed temporarily for the purpose of handling a large transaction that would be hard or impossible for the entities involved to handle individually. Syndication allows companies to pool their resources and share risks.





For example, an underwriting syndicate is a group of investment banks that works together to issue new stock to the public. The bank that takes the lead in this endeavor is called the syndicate manager. Thirty days after the sale is complete, or if the securities cannot be sold at the offering price, the syndicate will break up.

Some other types of syndicates represent a joint effort, but are not temporary.

A professional financial services group formed temporarily for the purpose of handling a large transaction that would be hard or impossible for the entities involved to handle individually. Syndication allows companies to pool their resources and share risks.

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Debt Issue

DEFINITION of 'Debt Issue'
A fixed corporate or government obligation, such as a bond or debenture. A debt issue is a financial obligation that allows the issuer to raise funds by promising to repay the lender at a certain point in the future and in accordance with the terms of the contract. Debt issues include notes, bonds, certificates, mortgages, leases or other agreements between the issuer (the borrower) and lender. Debt issues, such as bonds, are issued by corporations to raise money for certain projects or to expand into new markets; municipalities, states and U.S. and foreign governments issue debt to finance a variety of projects such as social programs or infrastructure plans.

INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS'Debt Issue'
Corporations and municipal, state and federal governments offer debt issues as a means of raising needed funds. In exchange for the "loan," the issuer must make payments to the investors (the lender) in the form of interest payments. The interest rate is often called the "coupon," and interest payments are paid using a predetermined schedule and rate. When the debt issue matures, the issuer repays the face value to the investors. Short-term bills typically have maturities between one and five years; medium term notes mature between six and twelve years; and long term bonds generally have maturities longer than 12 years. Certain large corporations, such as Coca-Cola and Walt Disney, have issued bonds with maturities as long as 100 years.

Corporate debt issues are commonly issued through the underwriting process in which one or more securities firms or banks purchase the issue in its entirety from the issuer and subsequently resell the issue to interested investors. The underwriters impose a fee on the issuer.

The process for government debt issues is different since these are typically issued in an auction format. In the United States, for example, investors can purchase bonds directly from the government through its dedicated website. A broker is not needed, and all transactions, including interest payments, are handled electronically.

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INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS'SYNDICATE'

There are several different types of syndicates, including underwriting syndicates, banking syndicates and insurance syndicates. 

A professional financial services group formed temporarily for the purpose of handling a large transaction that would be hard or impossible for the entities involved to handle individually. Syndication allows companies to pool their resources and share risks.

For example, an underwriting syndicate is a group of investment banks that works together to issue new stock to the public. The bank that takes the lead in this endeavor is called the syndicate manager. Thirty days after the sale is complete, or if the securities cannot be sold at the offering price, the syndicate will break up.

Some other types of syndicates represent a joint effort, but are not temporary.

DEFINITION OF 'SYNDICATE'

A professional financial services group formed temporarily for the purpose of handling a large transaction that would be hard or impossible for the entities involved to handle individually. Syndication allows companies to pool their resources and share risks.

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Income

The Income Balance records financial flows stemming from transactions (receipts and payments) between residents and non-residents related to income from Labor, Direct Investment, Portfolio Investment and Other Investment (loans and deposits).

Moreover, according to the new methodology based on the 6th edition of the IMF Balance of payments Manual, it comprises flows between the General government and the rest of the world (mainly EU) that relate to taxes and subsidies on products and production (part of previous current transfers).

Statistical data on all categories of income except those related to bonds are reported to the Bank of Greece by the resident monetary financial institutions intermediating in the settlement of such transactions. Also, the Central Securities Depository provides data on non-residents’ transactions (purchases and sales) in shares traded in the Athex.

Since 2003, bond interest payments under Portfolio Investment Income are calculated not on cash, but on an accruals basis (for more information see Bank of Greece Press Release – Balance of payments – APRIL 2005).

Since 2003, Direct Investment Income also records reinvested direct investment earnings, estimations based on the data collected by the Bank of Greece directly from firms operating in Greece within a direct investment relationship.

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Is it right for you?

Debt consolidation.
Debt consolidation loans aren't right for everyone. It's important to check all of the other options available and make sure you're making the right choice. While consolidating debt often sounds like a promising solution, this could make your situation worse.

Download our debt consolidation guide, or browse through the guide using the navigation on the left hand side.

What is debt consolidation?
Consolidating debt usually involves taking out new credit to pay off existing credit. Most people do this to reduce the interest rate on their debt, to bring down their monthly payment amount or to reduce the number of companies they owe money to.

Debt consolidation can be a useful strategy in some situations but for many it can involve extra costs, and potentially makes a difficult situation much worse. That's why it's best to get expert debt advice before taking out a consolidation loan.

Debt consolidation or debt management?
Debt consolidation and debt management are two different things but it's easy to get confused between the terminology used when trying to sort out your debts. Debt consolidation involves taking out new credit to pay off your debts and debt management is where you negotiate affordable payments with the companies you currently owe money to.

Both can lead to lowering payments but are completely different ways of dealing with debt. If you're not sure which option suits your circumstances then we can help.

Try our debt consolidation calculator to see whether you need debt consolidation or debt advice. If you need to get help with your debts then we'd recommend you use our Debt Remedy tool or call our helpline and we'll help you work out a personal action plan to get out of debt.

See through the marketing
Debt consolidation is often made to sound like a great solution but it's important to try and see through the sales patter and look at the facts.

Selling point of debt consolidation Reality
"Consolidate all of your debts into one place" Many people taking out consolidation loans will end up spending on credit again, so many still have lots of accounts to deal with.
"Lower your monthly payments" By lowering your payments you're more than likely going to take longer to repay your debts.
"Reduce your interest rates" Even with lower interest rates, consolidation loans can often end up with higher total interest to pay because they're generally taken out over a longer time period.
"Manageable monthly payments" Consolidation loan payments aren't always affordable. Without a proper budget in place it's hard to know.
"Government Debt Consolidation" Some companies will imply there are Government Debt Consolidation schemes to help with debts. No such schemes exist.
Need help with debt consolidation?
Get expert debt advice & a personalised debt solution
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Try Debt Remedy
Secured consolidation loans
Some consolidation loans will require you to secure the debt against your home. We'd strongly recommend that you don't use these types of loans to consolidate unsecured debts. If you fall behind with a secured consolidation loan in the future you will be at risk of house repossession.


debt consolidation guide
Debt consolidation guide
Debt consolidation guide introduction

What is debt consolidation?

Unsecured debt consolidation loans

Secured debt consolidation

Debt consolidation with a bad credit rating

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debt

1. A debt ratio used to measure a company's financial leverage, calculated by dividing a company’s total liabilities by its stockholders' equity. The D/E ratio indicates how much debt a company is using to finance its assets relative to the amount of value represented in shareholders’ equity.

The formula for calculating D/E ratios can be represented in the following way:

The result may often be expressed as a number or as a percentage.

This form of D/E may often be referred to as risk or gearing.

2. This ratio can be applied to personal financial statements as well as corporate ones, in which case it is also known as the Personal Debt/Equity Ratio. Here, “equity” refers not to the value of stakeholders’ shares but rather to the difference between the total value of a corporation or individual’s assets and that corporation or individual’s liabilities. The formula for this form of the D/E ratio, then, can be represented as:

D/E = Total Liabilities / (Total Assets - Total Liabilities)

INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS'DEBT/EQUITY RATIO'
1. Given that the debt/equity ratio measures a company’s debt relative to the total value of its stock, it is most often used to gauge the extent to which a company is taking on debts as a means of leveraging (attempting to increase its value by using borrowed money to fund various projects). A high debt/equity ratio generally means that a company has been aggressive in financing its growth with debt. Aggressive leveraging practices are often associated with high levels of risk. This may result in volatile earnings as a result of the additional interest expense.

For example, suppose a company has a total shareholder value of $180,000 and has $620,000 in liabilities. Its debt/equity ratio is then 3.4444 ($620,000 / $180,000), or 344.44%, indicating that the company has been heavily taking on debt and thus has high risk. Conversely, if it has a shareholder value of $620,000 and $180,000 in liabilities, the company’s D/E ratio is 0.2903 ($180,000 / $620,000), or 29.03%, indicating that the company has taken on relatively little debt and thus has low risk.

If a lot of debt is used to finance increased operations (high debt to equity), the company could potentially generate more earnings than it would have without this outside financing. If this were to increase earnings by a greater amount than the debt cost (interest), then the shareholders benefit as more earnings are being spread among the same amount of shareholders. However, if the cost of this debt financing ends up outweighing the returns that the company generates on the debt through investment and business activities, stakeholders’ share values may take a hit. If the cost of debt becomes too much for the company to handle, it can even lead to bankruptcy, which would leave shareholders with nothing.

2. The personal debt/equity ratio is often used in financing, as when an individual or corporation is applying for a loan. This form of D/E essentially measures the dollar amount of debt an individual or corporation has for each dollar of equity they have. D/E is very important to a lender when considering a candidate for a loan, as it can greatly contribute to the lender’s confidence (or lack thereof) in the candidate’s financial stability. A candidate with a high personal debt/equity ratio has a high amount of debt relative to their available equity, and will not likely instill much confidence in the lender in the candidate’s ability to repay the loan. On the other hand, a candidate with a low personal debt/equity ratio has relatively low debt, and thus poses much less risk to the lender should the lender agree to provide the loan, as the candidate would appear to have a reasonable ability to repay the loan.

LIMITATIONS OF 'DEBT/EQUITY RATIO'
1. Like with most ratios, when using the debt/equity ratio it is very important to consider the industry in which the company operates. Because different industries rely on different amounts of capital to operate and use that capital in different ways, a relatively high D/E ratio may be common in one industry while a relatively low D/E may be common in another. For example, capital-intensive industries such as auto manufacturing tend to have a debt/equity ratio above 2, while companies like personal computer manufacturers usually are not particularly capital intensive and may often have a debt/equity ratio of under 0.5. As such, D/E ratios should only be used to compare companies when those companies operate within the same industry.

Another important point to consider when assessing D/E ratios is that the “Total Liabilities” portion of the formula may often be determined in a variety of ways by different companies, some of which are not actually the sum of all of the company’s liabilities. In some cases, companies will only incorporate debts (like loans and debt securities) into the liabilities portion of the formula, while omitting other kinds of liabilities (unearned revenue, etc.). In other cases, companies may calculate D/E in an even more specific way, including only long-term debts and excluding short-term debts and other liabilities. Yet, “long-term debt” here is not necessarily a term with a consistent meaning. It may include all long-term debts, but it may also exclude long-term debts nearing maturity, which are then categorized as “short-term” debts. Because of these differentiations, when considering a company’s D/E ratio one should try to determine how the ratio was calculated and should be sure to consider other ratios and performance metrics as well.


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Big Anal Finance

Estate planning involves planning for the disposition of one's assets after death. Typiccally, there is a tax due to the state or federal government at one's death. Avoiding these taxes means that more of one's assets will be distributed to one's heirs. One can leave one's assets to family, friends or charitable groups.

Corporate finance[edit]
Main article: Cor

Corporate finance deals with the sources of funding and the capital structure of corporations and the actions that managers take to increase the value of the firm to the shareholders, as well as the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources. Although it is in principle different from managerial finance which studies the financial management of all firms, rather than corporations alone, the main concepts in the study of corporate finance are applicable to the financial problems of all kinds of firms. Corporate finance generally involves balancing risk and profitability, while attempting to maximize an entity's wealth and the value of its stock, and generically entails three primary areas of capital resource allocation. In the first, "capital budgeting", management must choose which "projects" (if any) to undertake. The discipline of capital budgeting may employ standard business valuation techniques or even extend to real options valuation; see Financial modeling. The second, "sources of capital" relates to how these investments are to be funded: investment capital can be provided through different sources, such as by shareholders, in the form of equity (privately or via an initial public offering), creditors, often in the form of bonds, and the firm's operations (cash flow). Short-term funding or working capital is mostly provided by banks extending a line of credit. The balance between these elements forms the company's capital structure. The third, "the dividend policy", requires management to determine whether any unappropriated profit (excess cash) is to be retained for future investment / operational requirements, or instead to be distributed to shareholders, and if so in what form. Short term financial management is often termed "working capital management", and relates to cash-, inventory- and debtors management.

Corporate finance also includes within its scope business valuation, stock investing, or investment management. An investment is an acquisition of an asset in the hope that it will maintain or increase its value over time that will in hope give back a higher rate of return when it comes to disbursing dividends. In investment management – in choosing a portfolio – one has to use financial analysis to determine what, how much and when to invest. To do this, a company must:

Identify relevant objectives and constraints: institution or individual goals, time horizon, risk aversion and tax considerations;
Identify the appropriate strategy: active versus passive hedging strategy
Measure the portfolio performance
Financial management overlaps with the financial function of the Accounting profession. However, financial accounting is the reporting of historical financial information, while financial management is concerned with the allocation of capital resources to increase a firm's value to the shareholders and increase their rate of return on the investments.

Financial risk management, an element of corporate finance, is the practice of creating and protecting economic value in a firm by using financial instruments to manage exposure to risk, particularly credit risk and market risk. (Other risk types include Foreign exchange, Shape, Volatility, Sector, liquidity, Inflation risks, etc.) It focuses on when and how to hedge using financial instruments; in this sense it overlaps with financial engineering. Similar to general risk management, financial risk management requires identifying its sources, measuring it (see: Risk measure: Well known risk measures), and formulating plans to address these, and can be qualitative and quantitative. In the banking sector worldwide, the Basel Accords are generally adopted by internationally active banks for tracking, reporting and exposing operational, credit and market risks.

Financial services[edit]
Main article: Financial services
An entity whose income exceeds its expenditure can lend or invest the excess income to help that excess income produce more income in the future. Though on the other hand, an entity whose income is less than its expenditure can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity claims, decreasing its expenses, or increasing its income. The lender can find a borrower—a financial intermediary such as a bank—or buy notes or bonds (corporate bonds, government bonds, or mutual bonds) in the bond market. The lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary earns the difference for arranging the loan.

A bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays interest. The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders, of different sizes, to coordinate their activity.

Finance is used by individuals (personal finance), by governments (public finance), by businesses (corporate finance) and by a wide variety of other organizations such as including schools and non-profit organizations. In general, the goals of each of the above activities are achieved through the use of appropriate financial instruments and methodologies, with consideration to their institutional setting.

Finance is one of the most important aspects of business management and includes analysis related to the use and acquisition of funds for the enterprise.

In corporate finance, a company's capital structure is the total mix of financing methods it uses to raise funds. One method is debt financing, which includes bank loans and bond sales. Another method is equity financing - the sale of stock by a company to investors, the original shareholders (they own a portion of the business) of a share. Ownership of a share gives the shareholder certain contractual rights and powers, which typically include the right to receive declared dividends and to vote the proxy on important matters (e.g., board elections). The owners of both bonds (either government bonds or corporate bonds) and stock (whether its preferred stock or common stock), may be institutional investors - financial institutions such as investment banks and pension funds  or private individuals, called private investors or retail investors.

Public finance[edit]
Main article: Public finance
Public finance describes finance as related to sovereign states and sub-national entities (states/provinces, counties, municipalities, etc.) and related public entities (e.g. school districts) or agencies. It usually encompasses a long-term, strategic perspective regarding investment decisions that affect public entities. These long-term, strategic periods usually encompass five or more years. Public finance is primarily concerned with:

Identification of required expenditure of a public sector entity
Source(s) of that entity's revenue
The budgeting process
Debt issuance (municipal bonds) for public works projects
Central banks, such as the Federal Reserve System banks in the United States and Bank of England in the United Kingdom, are strong players in public finance, acting as lenders of last resort as well as strong influences on monetary and credit conditions in the economy.

Capital[edit]

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